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Will Clair and Family Survive Saul While Discovering Who the Eagle People Are?

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National intelligence agency of State of israel

For the system that coordinated pre-state Jewish immigration, meet Mossad LeAliyah Bet.

Mossad
The Plant for Intelligence and Special Operations
הַמּוֹסָד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים
الموساد للاستخبارات والمهام الخاصة
Mossad seal.svg

"Where no counsel is, the people autumn, simply in the multitude of counselors there is safety." (Proverbs 11:14)
Bureau overview
Formed xiii December 1949; 72 years ago  (1949-12-thirteen) (as the Central Institute for Coordination)
Headquarters Tel Aviv, Israel
Employees Classified (7,000 estimated)
Annual budget Classified (U.s.a.$2.73 billion estimated)
Bureau executive
  • David Barnea, Director
Parent agency Office of the Prime Minister
Website www.mossad.gov.il Edit this at Wikidata

Mossad ()[a] is the national intelligence agency of State of israel. It is one of the master entities in the Israeli Intelligence Community, along with Aman (military intelligence) and Shin Bet (internal security).

Mossad is responsible for intelligence drove, covert operations, and counter-terrorism. Its manager answers straight and only to the Prime number Minister. Its annual budget is estimated to be around 10 billion shekels (U.s.$2.73 billion) and it is estimated that it employs around vii,000 people direct, making it the 1 of the world's largest espionage agencies.[i] Unlike other security bodies (such as the Israeli Army or the Israel Security Agency), its purpose, objectives, roles, missions, powers or budget have non been defined in whatever law.

History

Mossad was formed on December xiii, 1949, as the Central Establish for Coordination at the recommendation of Prime number Government minister David Ben-Gurion to Reuven Shiloah. Ben Gurion wanted a central body to coordinate and improve cooperation between the existing security services—the ground forces'southward intelligence department (AMAN), the Internal Security Service (Shin Bet), and the foreign office's "political department". In March 1951, it was reorganized and fabricated a part of the prime number minister's office, reporting directly to the prime number minister.[ citation needed ]

Organization

Mossad has been described by Ronen Bergman equally a "deep state" because of the fashion (justified by "state security") that it has been able to carry out actions that would otherwise exist subject to prosecution.[2]

Units

The largest department of Mossad is Collections, tasked with many aspects of conducting espionage overseas. Employees in the Collections Section operate under a variety of covers, including diplomatic and unofficial.[three] The Political Action and Liaison Department is responsible for working with allied foreign intelligence services, and nations that have no normal diplomatic relations with State of israel.[3] Additionally, Mossad has a Research Department, tasked with intelligence product, and a Technology Department concerned with the development of tools for Mossad activities.[4]

Metsada

Metsada is a unit of measurement responsible for attacking the enemy. Metsada runs "pocket-sized units of combatants" whose missions include "assassinations and sabotage".[5]

Kidon

The Kidon is a unit of measurement which belongs to the Caesarea department (one of Mossad's eight departments). It is described by Yaakov Katz as "an aristocracy group of expert assassins who operate under the Caesarea branch of the espionage organization. Not much is known well-nigh this mysterious unit, details of which are some of the almost closely guarded secrets in the Israeli intelligence community." Information technology recruits from "one-time soldiers from the aristocracy IDF special force units."[half dozen] This unit has been a function of Israel'due south policy of assassinations, which co-ordinate to Ronen Bergman is a policy that State of israel has used more than any other country in the Due west since World War Ii, stating it has carried out at least 2,700 bump-off missions.[7] [eight] [9]

Venture majuscule

Mossad opened a venture upper-case letter fund in June of 2017,[10] in order to invest in hi-tech startups to develop new cyber technologies.[11] The names of technology startups funded by Mossad will not be published.[eleven]

Operation Harpoon

Together with Shurat HaDin, Mossad[ when? ] started Functioning Harpoon, for "destroying terrorists' money networks."[12] [13]

Motto

Mossad'south former motto, exist-tachbūlōt ta`aseh lekhā milchāmāh (Hebrew: בתחבולות תעשה לך מלחמה) is a quote from the Bible (Proverbs 24:6): "For by wise guidance yous tin wage your war" (NRSV). The motto was later[ when? ] changed to another Proverbs passage: be-'éyn tachbūlōt yippol `ām; ū-teshū`āh be-rov yō'éts (Hebrew: באין תחבולות יפול עם, ותשועה ברוב יועץ, Proverbs 11:fourteen). This is translated by NRSV equally: "Where there is no guidance, a nation falls, but in an abundance of counselors there is safety."[fourteen]

Directors

  • Reuven Shiloah, 1949–53
  • Isser Harel, 1953–63
  • Meir Amit, 1963–68
  • Zvi Zamir, 1968–73
  • Yitzhak Hofi, 1973–82
  • Nahum Admoni, 1982–89
  • Shabtai Shavit, 1989–96
  • Danny Yatom, 1996–98
  • Efraim Halevy, 1998–2002
  • Meir Dagan, 2002–2011
  • Tamir Pardo, 2011–2016
  • Yossi Cohen, 2016–2021
  • David Barnea, 2021–

Operations

Sayanim

Sayanim (Hebrew: סייענים, lit. Helpers, Assistants)[fifteen] are unpaid Jewish civilians that help Mossad out of a sense of devotion for Israel.[16] They are recruited by Mossad's field agents, katsas, to provide logistical back up for Mossad operations.[17] A Sayan running a rental agency, for instance, could aid Mossad agents rent a car without the usual documentation.[18] [19] The usage of Sayanim allows the Mossad to operate with a slim budget yet conduct vast operations worldwide.[20] Sayanim can have dual citizenships simply are often not Israeli citizens.[21] [22]

The sayanim concept was created by Meir Amit in the 1960s.[xviii] According to Gordon Thomas, there were 4,000 sayanim in U.k. and some 16,000 sayanim in the The states in 1998.[eighteen]

Israeli students chosen bodlim are often used as gofers for Mossad.[23]

Africa

Egypt

  • Provision of intelligence for the cut of communications between Port Said and Cairo in 1956.[ commendation needed ]
  • Mossad spy Wolfgang Lotz, property West German language citizenship, infiltrated Arab republic of egypt in 1957, and gathered intelligence on Egyptian missile sites, military machine installations, and industries. He besides composed a listing of High german rocket scientists working for the Egyptian government, and sent some of them alphabetic character bombs. Later on the East German language head of state made a state visit to Arab republic of egypt, the Egyptian regime detained thirty West German citizens as a goodwill gesture. Lotz, assuming that he had been discovered, confessed to his cold war espionage activities.[24]
  • Later on a tense May 25, 1967, confrontation with CIA Tel Aviv station master John Hadden, who warned that the U.s. would help defend Arab republic of egypt if State of israel launched a surprise attack, Mossad manager Meir Amit flew to Washington, D.C. to meet with U.S. Defence force Secretarial assistant Robert McNamara and reported back to the Israeli chiffonier that the U.s.a. had given Israel "a flickering greenish light" to set on.[25]
  • Provision of intelligence on the Egyptian Air Forcefulness for Operation Focus, the opening air strike of the Six-Day War.
  • Operation Bulmus six – Intelligence help in the Commando Assault on Green Isle, Egypt during the State of war of Attrition.[ commendation needed ]
  • Operation Damocles – A entrada of bump-off and intimidation against German rocket scientists employed by Egypt in building missiles.[ citation needed ]
    • A bomb sent to the Heliopolis rocket factory killed five Egyptian workers, allegedly sent past Otto Skorzeny on behalf of the Mossad.[26]
    • Heinz Krug, 49, the chief of a Munich company supplying military hardware to Egypt disappeared in September 1962 and is believed to have been assassinated by Otto Skorzeny on behalf of the Mossad.[26]

Morocco

In September 1956, Mossad established a secretive network in Morocco to smuggle Moroccan Jews to State of israel after a ban on immigration to Israel was imposed.[27]

In early 1991, two Mossad operatives infiltrated the Moroccan port of Casablanca and planted a tracking device on the freighter Al-Yarmouk, which was carrying a cargo of Due north Korean missiles bound for Syrian arab republic. The ship was to be sunk by the Israeli Air Force, but the mission was later called off by Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin.[28]

Tunisia

The 1988 killing of Khalil al-Wazir (Abu Jihad), a founder of Fatah.[29]

The declared killing of Salah Khalaf, head of intelligence of the PLO and second in command of Fatah behind Yasser Arafat, in 1991.[xxx]

The 2022 alleged killing of Hamas operative, Mohammad al-Zawahri, in Tunisia. Mohammad Zawari, known to Israel's security echelon as "The Engineer", was a Hamas affiliated engineer who was believed to exist constructing drones for the group. He was shot at close range.[31] [32]

Uganda

For Operation Entebbe in 1976, Mossad provided intelligence regarding Entebbe International Drome[33] and extensively interviewed hostages who had been released.[34]

Southward Africa

In the late 1990s, after Mossad was tipped off to the presence of two Iranian agents in Johannesburg on a mission to procure advanced weapons systems from Denel, a Mossad agent was deployed, and met up with a local Jewish contact. Posing every bit Due south African intelligence, they abducted the Iranians, drove them to a warehouse, and vanquish and intimidated them before forcing them to leave the country.[35]

Sudan

After the 1994 AMIA bombing, the largest bombing in Argentine history, Mossad began gathering intelligence for a raid by Israeli Special Forces on the Iranian embassy in Khartoum as retaliation. The operation was called off due to fears that another attack against worldwide Jewish communities might take place as revenge. Mossad also assisted in Operation Moses, the evacuation of Ethiopian Jews to Israel from a famine-ridden region of Sudan in 1984, also maintaining a human relationship with the Ethiopian regime.[ commendation needed ]

Americas

Argentina

In 1960, Mossad discovered that the Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann was in Argentine republic. A team of 5 Mossad agents led by Shimon Ben Aharon slipped into Argentina and through surveillance, confirmed that he had been living there nether the name of Ricardo Klement. He was abducted on May xi, 1960 and taken to a hideout. He was subsequently smuggled to State of israel, where he was tried and executed. Argentina protested what it considered as the violation of its sovereignty, and the United nations Security Council noted that "repetition of acts such as [this] would involve a breach of the principles upon which international order is founded, creating an atmosphere of insecurity and distrust incompatible with the preservation of peace" while also acknowledging that "Eichmann should be brought to appropriate justice for the crimes of which he is accused" and that "this resolution should in no manner be interpreted equally condoning the odious crimes of which Eichmann is accused."[b] [39] Mossad abandoned a 2d functioning, intended to capture Josef Mengele.[40]

The states

During the 1990s, Mossad discovered a Hezbollah agent operating within the U.s. in club to procure materials needed to industry IEDs and other weapons. In a joint operation with U.S. intelligence, the agent was kept nether surveillance in hopes that he would beguile more Hezbollah operatives, but was eventually arrested.[35]

Mossad informed the FBI and CIA in August 2001 that, based on its intelligence, as many every bit 200 terrorists were slipping into the U.s.a. and planning "a major assault on the United States." The Israeli intelligence agency cautioned the FBI that it had picked upward indications of a "large-scale target" in the United States and that Americans would exist "very vulnerable."[41] Even so, "It is not known whether U.S. authorities idea the alarm to be credible, or whether it contained enough details to let counter-terrorism teams to come up up with a response." A month afterward, terrorists struck at the World Merchandise Center and the Pentagon in the largest terrorist assault in history.[41]

Uruguay

Mossad assassinated Latvian Nazi collaborator Herberts Cukurs in 1965.[42]

Asia

Fundamental and Due west Asia

A report published on the Israeli military'due south official website in February, 2022 said that Middle Eastern countries that cooperate with State of israel (Mossad) are the United Arab Emirates, Transitional islamic state of afghanistan, the Republic of Republic of azerbaijan, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia. The report claimed that Bahrain has been providing State of israel with intelligence on Iranian and Palestinian organizations. The report also highlights the growing cloak-and-dagger cooperation with Saudi Arabia, claiming that Mossad has been in direct contact with Saudi intelligence about Islamic republic of iran'southward nuclear energy program.[43] [44]

Islamic republic of iran

Prior to the Iranian Revolution of 1978–79, SAVAK (Organization of National Security and Information), the Iranian hush-hush police and intelligence service was created under the guidance of United States and Israeli intelligence officers in 1957.[45] [46] After security relations betwixt the Us and Islamic republic of iran grew more distant in the early 1960s which led the CIA grooming team to leave Islamic republic of iran, Mossad became increasingly active in Iran, "training SAVAK personnel and carrying out a broad diversity of articulation operations with SAVAK."[47]

A The states intelligence official told The Washington Mail service that Israel orchestrated the revolt of Iranian general Ali Reza Askari on Feb seven, 2007.[48] This has been denied past Israeli spokesman Mark Regev. The Dominicus Times reported that Askari had been a Mossad asset since 2003, and left merely when his comprehend was about to exist diddled.[49]

Iranian Intelligence Minister Heydar Moslehi has accused Mossad of bump-off plots and killings of Iranian physicists in 2010. Reports have noted that such information has not even so been patently proven. Iranian state Idiot box broadcast a stated confession from Majid Jamali-Fashi, an Iranian homo who claimed to have visited Israel to exist trained by Mossad.[50]

Le Figaro claimed that Mossad was perhaps behind a smash at the Iranian Revolutionary Guard'due south Imam Ali military base of operations, on October 12, 2011. The explosion at the base of operations killed 18 and injured 10 others. Among the expressionless was also general Hassan Tehrani Moghaddam, who served equally the commander of the Revolutionary Guards' missile program and was a crucial figure in building Iran'south long-range missile program.[51] The base is believed to store long-range missiles, including the Shahab-three, and also has hangars. It is one of Iran's virtually secure armed forces bases.[52]

Mossad has been defendant of assassinating Masoud Alimohammadi, Ardeshir Hosseinpour, Majid Shahriari, Darioush Rezaeinejad and Mostafa Ahmadi-Roshan; scientists involved in the Iranian nuclear program. Information technology is also suspected of being behind the attempted assassination of Iranian nuclear scientist Fereydoon Abbasi.[53] Meir Dagan, who served equally Director of Mossad from 2002 until 2009, while non taking credit for the assassinations, praised them in an interview with a journalist, saying "the removal of important brains" from the Iranian nuclear projection had achieved so-called "white defections," frightening other Iranian nuclear scientists into requesting that they be transferred to civilian projects.[25]

In early Feb 2012, Mossad director Tamir Pardo met with U.S. national security officials in Washington, D.C. to sound them out on possible American reactions in the event Israel attacked Iran over the objections of the The states.[54]

In 2022 the Mossad broke into Iran's cloak-and-dagger nuclear archive in Tehran and smuggled over 100,000 documents and computer files to Israel. The documents and files showed that the Iranian AMAD Projection aimed to develop nuclear weapons.[55] Israel shared the information with its allies, including European countries and the United States.[56]

Republic of iraq

Assistance in the defection and rescuing of the family unit of Munir Redfa, an Iraqi pilot who defected and flew his MiG-21 to State of israel in 1966: "Functioning Diamond". Redfa's entire family was also successfully smuggled from Iraq to State of israel. Previously unknown information about the MiG-21 was afterwards shared with the United States.

Operation Sphinx[57] – Betwixt 1978 and 1981, obtained highly sensitive information about Republic of iraq's Osirak nuclear reactor past recruiting an Iraqi nuclear scientist in France.

Performance Bramble Bush-league II – In the 1990s, Mossad began scouting locations in Iraq where Saddam Hussein could be ambushed past Sayeret Matkal commandos inserted into Iraq from Jordan. The mission was called off due to Functioning Desert Play a trick on and the ongoing Israeli-Arab peace process.

Jordan

In what is idea to have been a reprisal activeness for a Hamas suicide-bombing in Jerusalem on July thirty, 1997 that killed 16 Israelis, Benjamin Netanyahu authorised an performance against Khaled Mashal, the Hamas representative in Jordan.[58] On September 25, 1997, Mashal was injected in the ear with a toxin (thought to have been a derivative of the constructed opiate Fentanyl called Levofentanyl).[59] [threescore] Jordanian authorities apprehended two Mossad agents posing as Canadian tourists and trapped a further vi in the Israeli embassy. In exchange for their release, an Israeli doctor had to wing to Amman and deliver an antidote for Mashal. The fallout from the failed killing somewhen led to the release of Sheik Ahmed Yassin, the founder and spiritual leader of the Hamas motility, and scores of Hamas prisoners. Netanyahu flew into Amman on September 29 to apologize personally to King Hussein, but he was instead met by the Rex's blood brother, Crown Prince Hassan.[59]

Lebanese republic

The sending of letter bombs to PFLP member Bassam Abu Sharif in 1972. Sharif was severely wounded, but survived.[61]

The killing of the Palestinian writer and leading PFLP fellow member Ghassan Kanafani past a machine bomb in 1972.[62]

The provision of intelligence and operational assistance in the 1973 Operation Bound of Youth special forces raid on Beirut.

The targeted killing of Ali Hassan Salameh, the leader of Black September, on Jan 22, 1979 in Beirut by a car bomb.[63] [64]

Providing intelligence for the killing of Abbas al-Musawi, secretary general of Hezbollah, in southern Lebanon in 1992.[65]

Allegedly killed Jihad Ahmed Jibril, the leader of the military fly of the PFLP-GC, in Beirut in 2002.[66]

Allegedly killed Ali Hussein Saleh, fellow member of Hezbollah, in Beirut in 2003.[67]

Allegedly killed Ghaleb Awwali, a senior Hezbollah official, in Beirut in 2004.[68]

Allegedly killed Mahmoud al-Majzoub, a leader of Palestinian Islamic Jihad, in Sidon in 2006.[69]

Mossad was suspected of establishing a large spy network in Lebanon, recruited from Druze, Christian, and Sunni Muslim communities, and officials in the Lebanese government, to spy on Hezbollah and its Iranian Revolutionary Baby-sit advisors. Some have allegedly been agile since the 1982 Lebanon War. In 2009, Lebanese Security Services supported by Hezbollah'south intelligence unit, and working in collaboration with Syria, Iran, and possibly Russia, launched a major crackdown which resulted in the arrests of effectually 100 declared spies "working for Israel".[lxx] Previously, in 2006, the Lebanese ground forces uncovered a network that allegedly assassinated several Lebanese and Palestinian leaders on behalf of Israeli intelligence bureau Mossad.[71]

Palestine

Caesarea tried for many years to assassinate Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasser Arafat, a task subsequently tasked by Israel's Minister of Defence Ariel Sharon to a military special ops task force code named "Salt Fish," later renamed "Operation Goldfish," specially created for the job of assassinating Arafat,[72] with Ronan Bergman suggesting that State of israel used radiations poisoning to kill Yasser Arafat.[73]

Syria

Eli Cohen infiltrated the highest echelons of the Syrian government, was a shut friend of the Syrian President, and was considered for the mail service of Government minister of Defense. He gave his handlers a complete programme of the Syrian defenses on the Golan Heights, the Syrian Military order of battle, and a complete list of the Syrian armed forces's weapons inventory. He also ordered the planting of trees by every Syrian fortified position nether the pretext of shading soldiers, but the copse actually served as targeting markers for the State of israel Defense Forces. He was discovered by Syrian and Soviet intelligence, tried in secret, and executed publicly in 1965.[74] His information played a crucial role during the Six-Day War.

On 1 April 1978, 12 Syrian military machine and hole-and-corner service personnel were killed by a booby trapped sophisticated Israeli listening device planted on the principal telephone cable between Damascus and Hashemite kingdom of jordan.[75]

The alleged death of Full general Anatoly Kuntsevich, who from the tardily 1990s was suspected of aiding the Syrians in the manufacture of VX nerve-gas, in substitution for which he was paid huge amounts of money by the Syrian government. On April 3, 2002, Kuntsevich died mysteriously during a plane journeying, among allegations that Mossad was responsible.[75]

The alleged killing of Izz El-Deen Sheikh Khalil, a senior member of the military wing of Hamas, in an automobile booby trap in September 2004 in Damascus.[76]

The uncovering of a nuclear reactor being built in Syria as a result of surveillance by Mossad of Syrian officials working under the command of Muhammad Suleiman. As a result, the Syrian nuclear reactor was destroyed by Israeli Air Forces in September 2007 (meet Operation Orchard).[75]

The alleged killing of Muhammad Suleiman, head of Syria's nuclear programme, in 2008. Suleiman was on a beach in Tartus and was killed by a sniper firing from a boat.[77]

On July 25, 2007, the al-Safir chemic weapons depot exploded, killing 15 Syrian personnel too as 10 Iranian engineers. Syrian investigations blamed Israeli sabotage.[75]

The declared killing of Imad Mughniyah, a senior leader of Hezbollah complicit in the 1983 United states of america diplomatic mission bombing, with an exploding headrest in Damascus in 2008.[78]

The decomposed body of Yuri Ivanov, the deputy head of the GRU, Russia'south foreign armed forces intelligence service, was found on a Turkish beach in early August 2010,[79] amid allegations that Mossad may take played a part. He had disappeared while staying about Latakia, Syria.[eighty]

Mossad was accused of being behind the bump-off of Aziz Asbar, a senior Syrian scientist responsible for developing long-range rockets and chemic weapons programs. He was killed in a auto bomb in Masyaf on August 5, 2018.[81]

United Arab Emirates

Mossad is suspected of killing Mahmoud al-Mabhouh, a senior Hamas armed forces commander, in January 2010 at Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The team which carried out the killing is estimated, on the footing of CCTV and other evidence, to have consisted of at least 26 agents traveling on bogus passports. The operatives entered al-Mabhouh'south hotel room, where Mabhouh was subjected to electric shocks and interrogated. The door to his room was reported to have been locked from the within.[82] [83] [84] [85] [86] Although the UAE police and Hamas have declared State of israel responsible for the killing, no direct evidence linking Mossad to the crime has been plant. The agents' bogus passports included 6 British passports, cloned from those of real British nationals resident in State of israel and suspected past Dubai, five Irish passports, apparently forged from those of living individuals,[87] forged Australian passports that raised fears of reprisal against innocent victims of identity theft,[88] a 18-carat German passport and a false French passport. Emirati constabulary say they accept fingerprint and DNA evidence of some of the attackers, every bit well every bit retinal scans of xi suspects recorded at Dubai airport.[89] [90] Dubai's police chief has said "I am now completely sure that it was Mossad," adding: "I take presented the (Dubai) prosecutor with a request for the abort of (Israeli Prime Government minister Benjamin) Netanyahu and the head of Mossad," for the murder.[91]

Southward and Eastern asia

Bharat

A Rediff story in 2003 revealed that Mossad had cloak-and-dagger links with the Research and Analysis Fly (R&AW), India's external intelligence agency. When R&AW was founded in September 1968 by Rameshwar Nath Kao, he was advised by so Prime number Government minister Indira Gandhi to cultivate links with Mossad. This was suggested as a countermeasure to armed forces links between that of Pakistan and Mainland china, as well equally with Democratic people's republic of korea. Israel was likewise concerned that Pakistani ground forces officers were training Libyans and Iranians in handling Chinese and North Korean military equipment.[92]

Pakistan believed intelligence relations between Republic of india and Israel threatened Pakistani security. When young Israeli tourists began visiting the Kashmir valley in the early 1990s, Pakistan suspected they were disguised Israeli ground forces officers there to assist Indian security forces with anti-terrorism operations. Israeli tourists were attacked, with one slain and another kidnapped. Pressure from the Kashmiri Muslim diaspora in the United States led to his release. Kashmiri Muslims feared that the attacks could isolate the American Jewish community, and result in them lobbying the United states government confronting Kashmiri separatist groups.[92]

Bharat Today reported that the 2 flats were RAW safe houses used every bit operational fronts for Mossad agents and housed Mossad's station master between 1989 and 1992. RAW had reportedly decided to have closer ties to Mossad, and the subsequent hole-and-corner operation was approved by then Prime number Minister Rajiv Gandhi. India Today cites "RAW insiders" every bit proverb that RAW agents hid a Mossad agent holding an Argentine passport and exchanged intelligence and expertise in operations, including negotiations for the release of an Israeli tourist by the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front militants in June 1991. When asked about the case Verma refused to speak about the companies, merely claimed his human relationship with them was purely professional. Raman stated, "Sometimes, spy agencies float companies for operational reasons. All I can say is that everything was done with authorities approval. Files were cleared by the then prime government minister Rajiv Gandhi and his cabinet secretary. Balachandran stated, "It is true that we did a large number of operations but at every stage, nosotros kept the Chiffonier Secretariat and the prime minister in the loop."[93]

In Nov 2015, The Times of India reported that agents from Mossad and MI5 were protecting Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his visit to Turkey. Modi was on a country visit to the United Kingdom and was scheduled to attend the 2022 G-twenty Superlative in Antalya, Turkey. The paper reported that the agents had been chosen in to provide additional cover to Modi's security detail, equanimous of India's Special Protection Group and secret agents from RAW and IB, in wake of the Nov 2022 Paris attacks.[94] [95]

North Korea

Mossad may accept been involved in the 2004 explosion of Ryongchon, where several Syrian nuclear scientists working on the Syrian and Iranian nuclear-weapons programs were killed and a train conveying fissionable material was destroyed.[96]

Islamic republic of pakistan

In a September 2003 news article,[97] it was alleged by Rediff News that General Pervez Musharaf, the and so-President of Pakistan, decided to establish a hole-and-corner relationship between Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and Mossad via officers of the 2 services posted at their embassies in Washington, DC.

Sri Lanka

Mossad had helped both Sri Lanka and the Eelam. Mossad agent Victor Ostrovsky claimed that Mossad trained both the Sri Lankan military and the LTTE while keeping the two separated. Ravi Jayawardene, caput of the STF, had toured Israel in 1984 and took inspiration from the Israeli settlements in the Palestinian Territories to form armed Sinhalese settlements in strategic border areas of the Tamil-ascendant Northern and Eastern provinces.[98]

Europe

Republic of austria

In 1954, afterwards Mossad received intelligence that an Israeli officer who had access to classified war machine technologies, Major Alexander State of israel, had approached Egyptian officials in Europe and offered to sell Israeli military secrets and documents, a team of Mossad and Shin Bet officers was quickly sent to Europe to locate him and abduct him, and located him in Vienna. The mission was code-named Operation Bren. A female agent managed to lure him to a meeting through a honey trap functioning, and he was subsequently kidnapped, sedated, and flown to Israel aboard a waiting Israeli armed services plane. However, the plane had to make several refueling stops, and he was given an additional dose of sedatives each time, which ultimately acquired him to overdose, killing him. Upon arrival in Israel, afterward information technology was discovered that he was dead, he was given a burial at sea, and the case remained highly classified for decades.[99]

Mossad gathered information on Austrian politician Jörg Haider using a mole.[100]

Belgium

Mossad is alleged to be responsible for the killing of Canadian engineer and ballistics expert Gerald Bull on March 22, 1990. He was shot multiple times in the head outside his Brussels apartment.[101] Balderdash was at the time working for Republic of iraq on the Project Babylon supergun.[102] Others, including Balderdash's son, believe that Mossad is taking credit for an human activity they did not commit to scare off others who may attempt to assistance enemy regimes. The culling theory is that Balderdash was killed by the CIA. Republic of iraq and Iran are too candidates for suspicion.[103]

Republic of bosnia and herzegovina

Assisted in air and overland evacuations of Bosnian Jews from war-torn Sarajevo to State of israel in 1992 and 1993.[104]

Cyprus

The killing of Hussein Al Bashir in Nicosia, Republic of cyprus, in 1973 in relation to the Munich massacre.[65]

France

Mossad allegedly assisted Kingdom of morocco'due south domestic security service in the disappearance of dissident political leader Mehdi Ben Barka in 1965.[105]

Cherbourg Project – Operation Noa, the 1969 smuggling of five Sa'ar three-form missile boats out of Cherbourg.[ commendation needed ]

The killing of Mahmoud Hamshari, coordinator of the Munich massacre, with an exploding telephone in his Paris apartment in 1972.[65]

The killing of Basil Al-Kubaissi, who was involved in the Munich massacre, in Paris in 1973.[65]

The killing of Mohammad Boudia, fellow member of the PFLP, in Paris in 1973.[65]

On April 5, 1979, Mossad agents are believed to have triggered an explosion which destroyed 60 pct of components beingness built in Toulouse for an Iraqi reactor. Although an environmental organization, Groupe des écologistes français, unheard of before this incident, claimed credit for the blast,[57] about French officials discount the claim. The reactor itself was subsequently destroyed by an Israeli air strike in 1981.[57] [106]

The alleged killing of Zuheir Mohsen, a pro-Syrian fellow member of the PLO, in 1979.[107]

The killing of Yehia El-Mashad, the head of the Republic of iraq nuclear weapons program, in 1980.[108]

The declared killing of Atef Bseiso, a pinnacle intelligence officer of the PLO, in Paris in 1992. French police believe that a squad of assassins followed Atef Bseiso from Berlin, where that get-go team connected with some other team to close in on him in front of a Left Bank hotel, where he received three head-shots at indicate bare range.[109]

Federal republic of germany

Operation Plumbat (1968) was an operation by Lekem-Mossad to further Israel'southward nuclear program. The German freighter "Scheersberg A" disappeared on its mode from Antwerp to Genoa along with its cargo of 200 tons of yellowcake, afterward supposedly being transferred to an Israeli ship.[110]

The sending of letter bombs during the Operation Wrath of God campaign. Some of these attacks were not fatal. Their purpose might not have been to kill the receiver. A Mossad letter bomb led to fugitive Nazi war-criminal Alois Brunner'southward losing four fingers from his right hand in 1980.[111]

The alleged targeted killing of Wadie Haddad, using poisoned chocolate. Haddad died on 28 March 1978, in the German Democratic Republic supposedly from leukemia. Co-ordinate to the book Hitting Back, published by Aharon Klein in 2006, Haddad was eliminated past Mossad, which had sent the chocolate-loving Haddad Belgian chocolates coated with a dull-acting and undetectable toxicant which caused him to die several months after. "Information technology took him a few long months to dice", Klein said in the book.[112]

Mossad discovered that Hezbollah had recruited a German national named Steven Smyrek, and that he was travelling to Israel. In an functioning conducted past Mossad, the CIA, the German Internal Security agency Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (BfV), and the Israeli Internal Security agency Shin Bet, Smyrek was kept under constant surveillance, and arrested as before long as he landed in Israel.[113]

Hellenic republic

The killing of Zaiad Muchasi, Fatah representative to Cyprus, past an explosion in his Athens hotel room in 1973.[65]

Ireland

The bump-off of Mahmoud Al-Mabhouh – a senior Hamas military commander – in Dubai, 2010, was suspected to exist the work of Mossad, and at that place were eight Irish gaelic passports (six of which were used) fraudulently obtained by the Israeli embassy in Dublin, Ireland for apply by alleged Mossad agents in the performance. The Irish gaelic government was angered over the employ of Irish passports, summoned the Israeli administrator for an explanation and expelled the Israeli diplomat accounted responsible from Dublin, following an investigation. One of the passports was registered to a residence on Pembroke Route, Ballsbridge, on the same road as the Israeli embassy. The house was empty when later searched, but at that place was suspicion by Irish gaelic authorities it had been used equally a Mossad safety firm in the past.[114] [115] Mossad is reported to have a working relationship with the Irish armed services intelligence service[116] and has previously tipped the Irish authorities off almost artillery shipments from the Middle Eastward to Ireland for utilise by dissident republican militants, resulting in their interception and arrests.[117]

Italy

The killing of Wael Zwaiter, idea to be a member of Blackness September.[118] [119]

In 1986, Mossad used an hole-and-corner agent to lure Mordechai Vanunu from the Great britain to Italian republic in a honey trap fashion operation where he was abducted and returned to Israel where he was tried and found guilty of treason considering of his role in exposing Israel'southward nuclear weapons program.[120]

Malta

The killing of Fathi Shiqaqi. Shiqaqi, a leader of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, was shot several times in the head in 1995 in front of the Diplomat Hotel in Sliema, Republic of malta.[121]

Kingdom of norway

On July 21, 1973, Ahmed Bouchiki, a Moroccan waiter in Lillehammer, Norway, was killed by Mossad agents. He had been mistaken for Ali Hassan Salameh, ane of the leaders of Black September, the Palestinian group responsible for the Munich massacre, who had been given shelter in Norway. Mossad agents had used faux Canadian passports, which angered the Canadian regime. Six Mossad agents were arrested, and the incident came to be known equally the Lillehammer matter. Israel subsequently paid compensation to Bouchiki's family unit.[120] [122] [123]

Serbia

Israel provided weapons to the Serbs during the Bosnian War, possibly due to the pro-Serbian bias of the government of the time,[124] or perchance in exchange for the immigration of the Sarajevo Jewish community to Israel.[125] The Mossad allegedly was responsible for providing Serbian groups with arms.[126]

Switzerland

Co-ordinate to secret CIA and U.s.a. Land Department documents discovered by the Iranian students who took over the U.Southward. Embassy in Tehran on November 4, 1979:

In Switzerland the Israelis have an Embassy in Bern and a Consulate-General in Zürich which provide comprehend for Collection Section officers involved in unilateral operations. These Israeli diplomatic installations besides maintain close relations with the Swiss on a local level in regard to overt functions such equally physical security for Israeli official and commercial installations in the country and the protection of staff members and visiting Israelis. There is also shut collaboration between the Israelis and Swiss on scientific and technical matters pertaining to intelligence and security operations. Swiss officials have made frequent trips to State of israel. There is a continual flow of Israelis to and through Switzerland. These visits, notwithstanding, are usually arranged through the Political Action and Liaison regional controller at the Diplomatic mission in Paris directly with the Swiss and non through the officials in the Israeli Embassy in Bern, although the latter are kept informed.

In February 1998, v Mossad agents were caught wiretapping the dwelling of a Hezbollah agent in a Bern suburb. Four agents were freed, just the 5th was tried, found guilty, sentenced to i yr in prison, and following his release was banned from entering Switzerland for five years.[127]

Soviet Marriage/Russia

Mossad was involved in outreach to refuseniks in the Soviet Wedlock during the crackdown on Soviet Jews in the period between the 1950s and the 1980s. Mossad helped establish contact with Refuseniks in the USSR, and helped them acquire Jewish religious items, banned by the Soviet regime, in addition to passing communications into and out of the USSR. Many rabbinical students from Western countries travelled to the Soviet Union as part of this program in gild to establish and maintain contact with refuseniks.

U.k.

In 1984 Mossad agents were caught attempting to kidnap Nigerian politician Umaru Dikko from London. On 4 July 1984 customs officials at Stanstead airport discovered Dikko in a crate about to be flown to Nigeria. Agents Alexander Barak, Felix Abithol and anesthetist Dr Levi-Arie Shapiro were given prison sentences of between ten and fourteen years.

In 1986, a bag containing eight forged British passports was discovered in a telephone booth in Due west Deutschland. The passports had been the work of Mossad and were intended for the Israeli Embassy in London for employ in covert operations. The British government, furious, demanded that Israel give a hope not forge its passports again, which was obtained.[128]

On xxx September 1986 Mossad agents succeeded in luring Mordechai Vanunu from London to Rome where he was kidnapped back to Israel and tried for treason. Vanunu had been hosted in London by the Sunday Times whilst revealing details of Israel's nuclear weapons programme.

On 15 June 1988, following the trial and conviction of a Palestinian mail-graduate student studying at Hull University, Ismail Sowan, 2 Mossad agents were expelled from the UK. Sowan was found in possession of a large arms cache and was sentenced to eleven years in prison. During his trial it had been revealed that he had employed by Mossad for ten years. The Mossad agents, Arie Regev and Jacob Barad, were Sowan's controllers. They had failed to inform MI6 of Sowan'southward activities and that they were aware that a Palestinian, Abd al-Rahim Mustapha, believed to be involved in the assassination of Naji al-Ali had entered the land illegally.[129] The Mossad station in UK remained closed until the 1994 bombing of the Israeli Diplomatic mission in London.

Ukraine

In February 2011, a Palestinian engineer, Dirar Abu Seesi, was allegedly pulled off a train by Mossad agents en route to the uppercase Kyiv from Kharkiv. He had been planning to apply for Ukrainian citizenship, and reappeared in an Israeli jail only three weeks afterwards the incident.[130]

Oceania

New Zealand

In July 2004, New Zealand imposed diplomatic sanctions on State of israel over an incident in which two Commonwealth of australia-based Israelis, Uriel Kelman and Eli Cara, who were allegedly working for Mossad, attempted to fraudulently obtain New Zealand passports by claiming the identity of a severely disabled man. Israeli Foreign Government minister Silvan Shalom later apologized to New Zealand for their actions. New Zealand cancelled several other passports believed to take been obtained by Israeli agents.[131] Both Kelman and Cara served half of their six-month sentences and, upon release, were deported to Israel. Two others, an Israeli, Ze'ev Barkan, and a New Zealander, David Reznick, are believed to take been the third and fourth men involved in the passport affair but they both managed to go out New Zealand before being apprehended.[132]

In fiction

Films (including made-for-television movies)
  • The films Sword of Gideon (1986) and Munich (2005), describe Mossad agents' retaliation against Blackness September following the events of the 1972 Munich Olympics.
  • The Incommunicable Spy (1987) is a Idiot box movie about the life of top Mossad spy Eli Cohen.
  • In the film Swordfish (2001), the atomic number 82 graphic symbol Gabriel Shear (played past John Travolta) is believed to be a Mossad agent.
  • The Red Body of water Diving Resort (2019) is loosely based on the events of Operation Moses and Operation Joshua (jointly referred to equally Operation Brothers), in which Ethiopian Jews were covertly moved from refugee camps in Sudan to Israel.
  • The House on Garibaldi Street (1979) and Operation Finale (2018) movies about the Mossad exfiltration of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann from Argentina
Literature

(Alphabetical by writer's surname)

  • In Jeffrey Archer'southward novel Honour Amidst Thieves (1993), the lead female protagonist is a Mossad agent.
  • In book iv of Mark Greaney'south Grayness Human series, Dead Center, Mossad and the CIA partner to capture the world'due south near feared and lethal rogue former black ops agent Courtland Gentry.
  • Daniel Silva'due south spy novel serial is centered on fictional Mossad agent and assassin, Gabriel Allon. The term "Mossad" is never used in the novels, but the protagonist is described equally working for Israel's intelligence service (which the characters refer to simply as "the Office").
  • John Le Carre'due south novel The Fiddling Drummer Girl (1983) describes a fictional Mossad performance against Palestinian terrorists.
  • Frederick Forsyth's novel The Fist of God describes the inner workings of diverse Mossad divisions.
Television receiver

(Alphabetical past show)

  • In the TV serial The Blacklist (2013–present), Mossad agent Samar Navabi (played by Mozhan Marnò) is ane of the side characters.
  • In the Tv set series Covert Affairs (2010–2015), Mossad amanuensis Eyal Lavin is a recurring character.
  • Since the NCIS season 3 episode "Impale Ari (Role i)" (2005), Mossad has played an instrumental office. Mossad's presence includes one of the primary characters, Agent Ziva David, who is a erstwhile Mossad Agent. She originally filled the position of Mossad liaison to NCIS, until the end of season seven, when she became a full-time NCIS amanuensis. Her father, Eli David, was the director of Mossad, until the season ten episode "Shabbat Shalom", when he was killed. Many other characters take been included in the show from Mossad, including Michael Rivkin and Ari Haswari. Some episodes of the show have taken place in State of israel.
  • The Spy (2019) is a web television miniseries on the life of summit Mossad spy Eli Cohen.

Meet also

  • Duvdevan Unit – Israel's surreptitious strike unit
  • List of Israeli assassinations
  • Special Activities Division
  • The Spy Machine (1998), a British documentary special about the work of the Mossad
  • Unit 8200, Israeli Intelligence Corps SIGINT and cyber unit
  • Yamam, Israel's elite Border Constabulary SWAT Unit

Notes

  1. ^ Hebrew: הַמּוֹסָד, IPA: [ha moˈsad]; Arabic: الموساد, al-Mōsād , IPA: [almoːˈsaːd]; lit. The Institute), short for HaMossad leModiʿin uleTafkidim Meyuḥadim (Hebrew: המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים, meaning "Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations"
  2. ^ Argentina claimed that the "illicit and clandestine transfer of Eichmann from Argentine territory constitutes a flagrant violation of the Argentine Country'due south right of sovereignty[.]"[36] In Eichmann's case, the most salient feature from the perspective of international constabulary was the fact of Israeli constabulary enforcement activity in another state'south territory without consent; the human element includes the dramatic circumstances of the capture by Mossad agents and the ensuing custody and transfer to Israel[.][37] At its almost obvious level this ways that the do of enforcement jurisdiction inside the territory of another state will be a violation of territorial integrity. For case, subsequently Adolf Eichmann [...] was abducted from Argentina past a group of Israelis, now known to be from the Israeli Secret Service (Mossad), the Argentine Authorities lodged a complaint with the Un Security Council [...] It is however unclear whether equally a matter of international law the obligation to make reparation for a violation of territorial sovereignty such as that involved in the Eichmann case includes an obligation to render the offender.[38]

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Further reading

  • Bar-Zohar, Michael and Mishal, Nissim. Mossad: The Great Operations of Israel'south Hole-and-corner Service. The Robson Printing, 2012. ISBN 978-1-84954-368-2.
  • Ben-Menashe, Ari. Profits of War: Inside the Surreptitious U.Due south.-Israeli Arms Network. New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1992. ISBN ane-879823-01-two. OCLC 26586922.
  • Black, Ian and Benny Morris. State of israel's Cloak-and-dagger Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991. ISBN 978-0-8021-3286-4. OCLC 249707944.
  • Cardinal Intelligence Agency. Israel: Foreign Intelligence and Security Services: A Survey. Washington, D.C., 1979. (Included in Documents from the Usa Espionage Den. Tehran: Heart for the Publication of the Usa Espionage Den'southward Documents, 1982.)
  • Jonas, George. Vengeance. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984. ISBN 0-671-50611-0. OCLC 10507421.
  • Lapid, Ephraim and Amos Gilboa, Israel's Silent Defender: An Inside Wait at Sixty Years of Israeli Intelligence (2012)
  • Libel, Tamir. "Looking for pregnant: lessons from Mossad'southward failed adaptation to the mail service-Cold State of war era, 1991–2013." Journal of Intelligence History xiv.two (2015): 83–95. abstract
  • Ostrovsky, Victor; Hoy, Claire (1991). Past Way of Deception: A Devastating Insider's Portrait of the Mossad. Toronto: General Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-7736-7316-viii.
  • Raviv, Dan and Melman, Yossi. Spies Against Armageddon: Within Israel's Secret Wars. Sea Cliff: Levant Books, 2012. ISBN 978-0985437831.

External links

  • Official website
  • Official website (in Hebrew)
  • Official website (in Arabic)
  • GlobalSecurity.org entry for Mossad
  • Libertad website

riosbehiden1998.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossad

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